The adapter is designed for Nikon lenses, including D mount. If the Tamron fits the Nikon D80 it should work. As for the lack of aperture ring on the Tamron ... not sure about that. Perhaps the Nikon D80 has an in camera aperture selection. 

The Answer is Yes. You can use a pinch cap over most filters. ALL my lenses have a filter of some sort on them. I use to use a lot of "traditional" lens caps on all my old Nikkor lenses but putting them on and taking them off became a giant PITA, so I got a Pinch Cap as a test. I then converted ALL the lenses to Pinch Caps. Hope this helps. 

1. If there is ever any more than a slight amount of rotational play, you may want to try tightening the lens mount adapter so it will hold the lens tighter to the mount. There are 3 flanges in the middle of the adapter (what the lens locks onto) that are split open slightly, this gap is what gives the tension that holds the lens tight to the body. Over time and with use these gaps decrease in size, no longer pulling the lens tight to the adapter, which allows the lens to move inside the mount more than it should.
2. To tighten the fit, get a slim metal object (a #1.5 or #2.0 small flat eyeglass screwdriver is ideal) and insert it into the slit to open it up just a little bit (see images below, make sure to do it to all 3 evenly). The more you open the gap, the tighter the lens will be to the adapter; too much and the lens will have a hard time mounting so make sure to do it just a little bit at a time to all 3 flanges evenly, it doesn’t take much at all to get a tight fit.Note: please do not use too much strength, or the shrapnel will be damaged.

 

yes, i had no problems with infinity focus with this adapter. the only FD mount lens i use anymore with my sony is a vivitar 20mm, and i pretty much only shoot infinity focus with it. 

The adapter will mount the lens and you will be able to use it manually. However, my copy of the adapter does not allow the lens to be fully mounted all the way until it clicks into place. It doesn't quite make it, but it's still very solidly mounted. Also, the manual aperture linkage doesn't work properly (on my copy, at least) so exposure is controlled only by shutter speed and/or ISO. You will be able to manually focus and zoom the lens but no VR, of course. It will be a frustrating experience. Instead, get a 14-140 Panasonic zoom if you can afford it!